PDF of this tutorialThe three major twisted-pair categories discussed under "twisted-pair access" can all be remoted, as is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Twisted-Pair Access—Remote
Remoting mechanisms, such as digital loop–carrier systems, enable fiber migration into loop-access plant. They are a cost-effective way of bringing service to end users who are not located near access nodes. As shown in Figure 6, services are ultimately provided to end users over twisted pairs from remote terminals that connect via fiber facilities to the serving node.
As Figure 6 illustrates, remote systems can be terminated in two ways. One is a termination directly into a circuit switch; this is called the integrated access approach. The second approach has a host digital-terminal termination in the service node; this called the universal access approach. Both integrated and universal remote-access arrangements are used to provide Internet access. The choice of approach in any specific case depends on the embedded network and on the capabilities that must be provided to end users in addition to Internet access.
