1. In conventional long-haul (EDFA) technology, the transmission signals must be regenerated every ______ or so to overcome signal distortion due to dispersion and nonlinear effects.

2. In DWDM systems, channel spacing is limited by nonlinear effects such as four-wave mixing (FWM) and ____________.

3. The network availability is determined from the _____________ rates of the components that make up the network.

4. With its __________________ capability, Cisco has extended the simple concept of path protection on a SONET ring to meshed networks, offering service providers a new degree of flexibility in designing their networks.

5. Cisco uses IP and _______________ for SONET data communications channel (DCC) communications.

6. ________ application growth is driving the increased bandwidth requirements and exceeding the existing capacity limits of the transport architectures in most provider networks.

7. A jabbering network interface card (NIC) might flood the entire domain with __________ or undesirable frames at a very high rate.

8. 802.1Q encapsulation, often referred to as _____, provides a VLAN tunneling mechanism by encapsulating a frame tagged with an 802.1Q header with another 802.1Q header.

9. Cisco introduced dynamic packet transport (DPT) in early 1999 based on a new concept called spatial reuse protocol (SRP). This protocol takes advantage of both the ring-based architecture of SONET and the packet characteristics of ________.

10. The interface between an edge GMPLS node and a GMPLS label-switched router (LSR) on the network side can also be referred to as a _________, whereas the interface between two network-side LSRs may be referred to as a __________.

11. Transport providers see the combination of the O–UNI and GMPLS protocols as a way to facilitate a seamless evolution to next-generation technologies without having to upgrade or replace network equipment. Service providers understand that GMPLS may not exist in all.

12. GMPLS defines separately edge nodes connected to the network that imply boundaries between user and network planes.

13. UCP will include both O–UNI and GMPLS protocols under the Cisco UCP umbrella to provide essential flexibility in addressing a variety of service and network models.

14. A VLAN is essentially an extended Layer-2 collision domain.

15. Ethernet relies on the spanning-tree protocol (802.1d) to provide for loop detection and elimination, generally recovering from a fault in five to 30 seconds. SONET offers the ability to provide protection from physical and logical failures in the ring in 50 ms based on the automatic protection switching (APS) standard.